12-5+The+Issue+of+Ponceau

In foods there are some food dyes, food dye are purposed to make foods look more interest, so it can attract people's attention to buy. One of those food dyes is " **Ponceau 4R** ". Ponceau 4R is sulphamate azo compound, also a salicylic acid and Histamine liberator. The chemical name is 1-(4-sulpho-1-napthylazo)-2-napthol-6,8-disulphonic acid, trisodium salt. With empirical formula C 20 H 11 N 2 Na 3 O 10 S 3 . Its salt is very soluble in water and ethanol, but insoluble in ethers. This food dye gives **crimson color **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> and categorized as an azo dye.

**Azo dye** is an azo compound that gives color, so it used as food coloring. **Azo compounds** are compounds bearing the functional group R-N=N-R', in which R and R' can be either aryls or alkyls group. IUPAC defines azo compounds as: "Derivatives of diazene (diimide), HN=NH, wherein both hydrogens are substituted by alkyl or aryl groups, e.g. PhN=NPh azobenzene or diphenyldiazene. "The more stable derivatives contain two aryl groups. The N=N group is called an azo group. The na me azo comes from azote, the French name for nitrogen that is derived from the Greek a (not) + zoe (to live).

__**<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">The Chemistry of Ponceau 4R **__


 * <  ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||< [[image:structure_ponceau_4R.jpg width="209" height="192" caption="3D Structure of Ponceau 4R"]] ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||< [[image:line_structure_of_ponceau_4R.png width="183" height="182" caption="Structure of Ponceau 4R"]] ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||< [[image:images_1.jpeg align="right" caption="Ponceau 4R powder"]] ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||<   ||< [[image:Ponceau80.jpg width="148" height="197" caption="Ponceau 4R"]] ||

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> **Ponceau 4R** usually found in sweet and savory products like soup, jelly, pie, biscuit, cake mix, ice cream or we can know that products contain Ponceau 4R by our visual sense. Usually the Products has red color, and we can compare it with natural food color Anthocyanin. **Anthocyanin** causing red, orange, purple and blue found in many fruits and flowers like rose, apple, Cherry, grape, and strawberry. Averrhoa bilimbi flower produce a red color. The use of natural dye anthocyanin pigments are still limited to some food products, such as beverage products (juice and milk).

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;"> There are many cases where textile dye use as food coloring. It can be found in snack like candies. It helps the sellers sell their candy quickly, because of the pretty color. But, it is very dangerous for our health. Actually, food coloring lack any way to permanently attach to cotton, so they will just wash out, leaving at most a pale stain: enough to ruin a shirt, perhaps, but not to decorate it. And the textile coloring gives strong colour. Simply, if you touch a foods and it gives your hand very pretty colour. (http://www.pburch.net/dyeing/fooddyes.shtml)




 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Aromatized alcohol beverages || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">200 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Candied fruit || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">200 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Cereal || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Cheese || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Chewing gum || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Chocolate || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Hard and soft candies || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Cooked fish || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Cooked crustaceaes || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">250 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Dairy-based dessert || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">150 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Dairy-bassed beverages || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">150 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Topping || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Dietetic food || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Dietetic food (Medical) || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Slimming suplement || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Alcoholic beverages >15% || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">200 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Sausages || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Sorbet || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Custard || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fat (dairy product) || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fermented vege || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fine bakery || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Flavoured || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">100 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Food suplement || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fresh egg || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Frozen fish || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Frozen creamed fish || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fruit fillings || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fruit preparation || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fruit based dessert || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fruit based spread || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Fruit preserves || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Imitation choco || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Jams/Jelly || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">100 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Mustard || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Syrup || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">300 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Proceeded nut || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">100 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Riped cheese salad || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">200 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Sauce || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Salmon || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Seasoning || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Semi preserved fish product || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">500 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Smoked fish || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">100 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Snack || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">100 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Soup || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">Unripe cheese || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">100 mg/Kg ||
 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">water based on flavour || <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;">50 mg/Kg ||

<span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%; margin: 8px;"> Rewrite by us from: []


 * Why foods and beverages need food dyes? **


 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Compensate for the color fading due to exposure to light, air, temperature and humidity changes
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Fix the color variation
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Strengthen the original colors of food
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Coloring the colorless food
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">Make food more interesting, so increase appetite


 * <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 150%;">The purpose of coloring the food: **
 * 1) Masking natural variations in color
 * 2) Enhancing naturally occurring colors
 * 3) Providing identity to foods
 * 4) Protecting flavors and vitamins from damage by light
 * 5) Decorative or artistic purposes



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